Purpose: This study (a) explored the component of life skills to enhance the quality of life of student-athletes and (b) developed the life skills program to apply in the sport fields. Methods: In phase 1, a total of 45 people in three groups (20 students, 15 coaches and 10 parents) participated in the study and raw data of life skills were collected to reflect multi-dimensional perspectives from the three groups. In phase 2, a group of experts in various fields developed the program to enhance athletes’ life skills through five expert-meetings. Results: In phase 1, the life skills were composed of eight factors, which were categorized by four intrapersonal skills (self-confidence, goal setting, self-regulation, and coping with stress) and four interpersonal skills (communication, cooperation, empathy, and conflict resolution). In phase 2, each factor of the life skills included two or three lesson plans, resulting in the life skills program of 8 factors with 23 lesson plans in total. The program focuses on promoting athletes’ life skills, which was named as PEALS (Program to Enhance Athletes’ Life Skills). Conclusion: The PEALS could directly contribute to improve student-athletes’ human rights, learning rights, career, and competency, further it is expected to promote student-athletes’ life in positive aspect.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of a mixed approach to psychological skills training (PST) integrating a) team lecture and b) individual consulting for a women’s professional volleyball team. Methods: A team of female professional volleyball team (n=17) participated in the mixed PST for two stages during a season. They participated in the pre-season stage (August to September, 2019) and in-season stage (January to February, 2020). The mixed approaches consisted of 60 to 90 minutes of team lectures and 120 to 150 minutes of individual consulting sessions at intervals of two to three weeks. An ABAB single case design was adopted. In order to confirm the effectiveness of the integrated PST, team performance and performance profile data (skills efficacy, physical fitness, and psychological skills) were analyzed. Quantitative data collected using open-ended questions, interviews, and media reports. Results: The mixed PST had positive effects on most of skills in a player’s position, physical fitness, and psychological skills. Team performance significantly improved immediately after and during the mixed PST. They ranked second place in KOVO Cup and fourth in the regular season. Conclusion: A mixed PST based on team lecture and individual consulting led to positive impacts on both team performance and individual psychological skills. The improvements were observed during the pre-season and in-season stages.

Purpose: This study was to confirm the concept of sport courage and examine the structure of sport courage in college athletes. Methods: Total 22 college athletes responded to open-ended questionnaires and 307 college athletes responded to developed Sport courage scale. The qualitative data was analyzed by inductive content analysis and quantitative data was analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, reliability test, and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Based on the result of inductive content analysis, 62 items were developed for sport courage. Additionally, results from exploratory factor analysis showed that sport courage consisted of 4 factors and 25 items. These 4 factors were bravery, toughness, commitment, and truthfulness. As the result of confirmatory factor analysis, structure of sport courage revealed appropriate with showing good fit indices. Conclusion: In this study, the concept of commitment was extracted among sub-factors of sports containers, which is considered to be a unique psychological concept reflecting the sports situation in Korea that emphasizes the team.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the structural relationship among the perception of athlete Julsil, flow, and perceived performance of athletes. Methods: A confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis for each factor were conducted to verify the validity of the questionnaire, and a descriptive statistical analysis and correlation analysis were conducted through the data of 418 athletes excluding missing values. The mediating effect verification using structural equation model analysis was performed. Results: First, Perseverance and overcoming, the sub-factor of Julsil, was identified to be higher than the other sub-factors of Julsil. Second, Julsil of an athlete had a positive correlation on flow and perceived performance, and also flow and perceived performance had a positive correlation. Third, In the structural relationship between Julsil and perceived performance, the mediating effect through the flow was also noted. Conclusion: Julsil was a source of flow in the context of sport, and it could be a prior variable for peak performance.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the positive variables related to the work of coaches. Therefore, relevant variables were selected and analyzed by applying the motivational aspect, which is a positive process described in the job demands-resources model. Specifically, the mediating effect of job engagement was verified in the relationship between job resources and job satisfaction perceived by coaches, and finally, the interaction effect between job resources and job demands was verified. Methods: Data were collected from 156 coaches through questionnaires that assessed the job resources, job engagement, job demands, and job satisfaction. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, construct validity, correlation analysis, mediation effect test, and conditional process analysis. Results: The results showed that the job resources mediated the job satisfaction through job engagement. This relationship was reduced by higher levels of the job demands. Conclusion: It was confirmed that the job engagement perceived by coaches in the sports field is a major variable explaining the positive aspects of coaching. However, it was found that excessive job demands can have a negative impact on work.

Purpose: This study aims to elucidate the influence of relationship between adolescent badminton players and their parents on the resilience by using self-determination as a mediation. Methods: To this end, this study collected the data for 259 middle- and high-school badminton players who were registered in the Korea Badminton Association. The collected data were analyzed using the PROCESS Macro for SPSS to verify the multiple mediated effect with a parallel structure. Results: First, autonomous motivation, sub-factors of self-determination motivation played a partial mediating role in relationship with adolescent badminton players parents and with resilience. Second, controlling motivation, sub-factors of self-determination motivation had no mediating effect in relationship with adolescent badminton players parents and with resilience. Conclusion: it is considered that a relationship with parents can serve as a critical factor to not only the resilience that leads a life of adolescent player to desirable direction but also the self-determination motivation that presents a positive direction by forming a motivation of an autonomous atmosphere. In this regard, it can be thought that parents have a significant influence on the resilience of adolescent players by enabling them to establish a positive and autonomous motivation.

Purpose: In this study, after participating in SNPE(Self Natural Posture Exercise), a specialized exercise therapy for pain, the direct influence of pain reduction on depression reduction and the indirect influence of body image discrepancy and physical self-concept interaction on depression emotional experience were also verified. Method: Through the repeated measurement design, pain, depression, body image, and physical self-concept were measured before and after participating in the SNPE program for 12 weeks in 104 participants (93 women) suffering from chronic pain. Result: As a result, pain and depression were reduced, craving for a thinner body was reduced, and physical self-concept was improved when compared to before SNPE participation. The correlation between pain and depression before SNPE participation is lower than after SNPE participation, so it is expected that pain reduction after SNPE participation has a direct effect on depression reduction. In addition, through the reduction of body fat of the participants, body image discrepancy also contributed to an indirect effect on the reduction of depressed emotion. Discussion: These results confirmed the benefits of exercise therapy because exercise therapy such as SNPE can reduce pain and control negative emotions caused by body image discrepancy on the body. As a result of this study, the practical application to the field as well as the limitations of the study and future research directions were discussed.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to investigate motor learning effects differ in types of feedback during visual-perception adaptation task. Method: In virtual reality(VR) environment, 41 healthy men were randomly divided into 4 types of feedback group(group A, C, & D : n=10; group B : n=11) and underwent arm-reaching movement task. On the first day, all participants performed baseline task, adaptation task with visual distortion, and washout task in VR. After 24 hours, retention test is conducted to all participants. To evaluate the spatial accuracy of the task, the maximal distance error between actual hand pathway and the straight line from starting-point to end-point was calculated. Result: During the 1st and 2nd sessions of adaptation task, all groups showed significant increases in the spatial accuracy of task performance as the number of movement increased, whether visual feedback offered or not. Particularly in group D(consisted with the session of visual feedback and the sission of motor-perception feedback, in order) showed the most dramatic increase. In the retention task, unit-feedback group(group A & B) and multimodal-feedback(group C & D) showed significant differences in the spatial accuracy. Conclusion: In the visuomotor adaptation task, providing all kinds of feedback led to significant improvement in task performance and especially in retention test, offering unit-feedback showed learning effects with high after-effects. Regardless of the type or structure of feedback offered in this experiment, the improvement in task performance can be achieved. The results of this experiment show that the specific sequence of feedback has more influence on the improvement of the task performance.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to present research trends on exercise and executive function by analyzing the publication years, researcher, official usage, and key words of research on exercise and executive functions. Method: Citespace was used to perform Bibliographical analysis, data visualization analysis, and content analysis on 1577 exercise and executive functions related journals published between January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2019 on the Web of Science. Results: First, the number of publications continued to increase for 16 years, were mainly published in the Untied States, and had a significant influence. Second, there was a cooperative study between Arthur F. Kramer and Yukai Chang. Third, the research with high citation counts composed of meta-analysis, systematic review, and randomized control experiments. Fourth, key words were classified into research method, discase involvement, method of involvement, method of research, and content of research. According to keyword clusters, key words were divided into cognitive function, yoga, space flight, event-related potential, one-time exercise, and self-management group. Conclusion: The contribution of research institutes, development of research tools, and establishment of research projects are the reasons for the increasing number of research projects. There is a lot of cooperation among scholars, and the publicly available literature is divided into two categories:’exercise changes cognition’ and ‘exercise changes cognitive structure’. In addition, scholars have already conducted research on the motor and executive functions through various objects and methods in fields such as psychology and cognitive neuroscience.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the difference in accuracy and variability of performing internal timing tasks according to the continuity and speed of motion, and to verify the effectiveness of synchronized metronome training. Methods: 24 participants were randomly assigned to two groups(continuous or discrete) and performed a synchronization timing task. Participants in the study performed the timing tasks to match the target while turning the right hand in a round shape, in accordance with the auditory signals provided at three regular tempos(30bpm, 45bpm, 60bpm). In addition, synchronized metronome training(SMT) was conducted for 4 days to confirm the improvement of sensory-motor synchronization(SMS) ability. Timing accuracy and variability were calculated using absolute error of time, variability of time error, and success rate of performance within 15ms error. Results: Timing accuracy was higher in continuous motion than in discrete motion. And it was high as the speed of movement increased. The timing variability did not show a significant difference according to the continuity, but increased significantly as the speed increased. The interaction effect of speed and continuity that did not show in timing accuracy. But the timing variability increased as the speed increased in the continuous motion group. Success rate also showed the same result as timing accuracy, and SMT training resulted in improvement of timing accuracy and performance success rate over 2 days of training. Conclusion: Motor skill that require the accuracy of coincidence timing needs to consider the motor control and learning strategy that considers relatively high speeds in continuously moving conditions.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to observe the aspect of transition in degrees of freedom of spine segment while performing Barbell Back Squat on the load levels with 50%, 65%, and 80% of 1 repetition max (RM) in conscious co-contraction of torso-muscle conditions. Methods: Thus, we collected kinematic data of four participants, each of who could perform Barbell Back Squat over 1.8 to 2 times body weight, and quantified the degrees of freedom of the spine by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results: Based on the number of principal components, which is 5, to account for more than 95% of the total variance, we discovered statistically significant differences in weighted variables within the principal components depending on conscious control in the descending phase of the squat and depending on the load levels during the ascending phase. Conclusion: The degrees of freedom of spine segment can be restricted due to conscious co-activation of torso-muscle during the descending phase of the squat while the degrees of freedom of spine segment differ based on the loading conditions during the ascending phase of the squat.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate maximum voluntary force(MVF) and neuromechanical characteristics of hand digit with regard to children’s motor development level. Methods: Movement assessment battery for children-2(MABC-2) is used to screen at-risk children with delayed motor development and typically developing children(TD) in thirty-one 2nd to 4th grade elementary school students of regional child development center located in S city, Gyeonggi-do Province. Six at-risk children with delayed motor development and Eight TD participated as subjects in this study voluntarily and were measured finger MVF with three conditions(left hand, right hand, and both hands) using force sensors. We calculated MVF by each conditions and finger independence which means neuromechanical characteristics. An independent-sample t-test and a Mann-Whitney U test were conducted to determine differences between the groups. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of finger muscular strength. In the case of intra-hand finger independence, however, children suspected in delayed motor development performed more independently in non-dominant hand. Conclusion: The results suggested that the possible reason for the lack of fine motor skill in at-risk children with delayed motor development might be due to the difference of the finger independence that occurs when generating finger force rather than finger MVF. In addition, it could be used as fundamental data for understanding of control mechanism of hand digit in children with deficient motor coordination ability.